KALBON PAC - POWDER SERIES

PAC is made from organic materials with high carbon contents such as wood, lignite and coal.

PAC typically has a diameter less than 0.1 mm and an apparent density ranging between 23 and 46 lb/ft3, depending on the material used and manufacturing process. Iodine and molasses numbers are typically used to characterize PAC.  These numbers describe the quantity of small and large pore volumes in a sample of PAC.  A minimum iodine number of 500 is specified for PAC by AWWA standards.

PAC is used by water treatment plants on either a full time basis or as needed for taste and odour control or removal of organic chemicals. PAC can be fed as a powder using dry feed equipment or as a slurry using metering pumps. Dry feed systems are typically used for smaller dosages.  PAC can also be mixed with water and fed as a slurry. Slurry systems are normally used when PAC is frequently added and the required dosages are high.  

KALBON GSP – SYRUP SERIES

The production of soft drinks involves the filtering of both sugar syrup and water used in the bottling process.

The source and degree of refinement or purity of the sugar supplied for syrup making will largely determine the treatment and filtration needed.  There may be as much as 0.8% by weight of impurities in unfiltered syrup and the color requirements of the finished drink may require decolorization of the syrup as well as filtration.  Analysis of the available sugar should show the percentage purity of the sugar as well as impurity and color levels.

KALBON GCF - CIGARETTE FILTER SERIES

Cigarette smoking is the world’s single most preventable cause of disease and death.

It is estimated that each year over five million people throughout the world die from cigarette related illness.  Cigarette smoke contains more than 4000 compounds.  Among these Nicotine is the primary source of tobacco dependence and others are toxins and carcinogens.

Tobacco is an ever changing and extremely complex mixture of chemicals.  It is formed when tobacco itself, a complex mixture of over 2000 chemical constituents, is burnt during the smoking of cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.  When a cigarette burns, thousands of chemical substances are generated and they are distributed between the gas phase and the particles that constitute the smoke aerosol.

Cellulose Acetate filtered cigarettes contain substantial amounts of p-BenzoSemiQuinone (p-BSQ) which is about 100 to 200 µg /cigarette.  It has been determined that when a Cellulose Acetate filter is replaced by a Charcoal filter, the amount of p-BSQ in the mainstream smoke is reduced by 73-80% and prevents protein carbonyl formation to the extent of 70– 90%.

KALBON GFL – FILTER SERIES

Kalbon GFL filter series are designed for efficient use in fixed beds for the purification and decolorization of many aqueous and organic liquids.

The particle size of GFL filter series carbon has been selected to give maximum adsorption rates and reasonable pressure drop characteristics with liquors of relatively low viscosity.

It is made from a superior quality activated carbon with low ash, sulphur, and phosphorous content.  It has a large surface area, high pore volume, high mechanical hardness and chemical stability, longer operating life, and it is easy to regenerate.

20x50 is a virgin granular activated carbon designed specifically for point-of-use water treatment applications where impurities are removed in drinking water filtering units with short contact times

KALBON GMX - MEROX SERIES

Merox is an acronym for Mercaptan Oxidation.

It is a proprietary catalytic chemical process developed by UOP used in oil refineries and natural gas processing plants to remove mercaptans from LPG, propane, butanes, light naphthas, kerosene and jet fuel by converting them to liquid hydrocarbon disulfides.

The Merox™ process is a technology developed and licensed by UOP for the purpose of reducing sulfur or sweetening sulfur compounds in hydrocarbon streams. The process is one of the most widely applied technologies in the world for this service.  While found in most petroleum refining facilities, the Merox process is also applicable for other facilities processing sulfur-containing hydrocarbons.

MEROX process (acronym of Mercaptan Oxidation), UOP licensed, consists in catalytic oxidation of mercaptants that are present in hydrocarbons as consequence of petrol or natural gas refinement activities. MEROX process allows to remove mercaptans from GPL, propane, butane, naphtha, kerosene etc. by turning them into disulfides according to the following reaction:

4 RSH + O2 = 2RSSR + 2H2O

KALBON GVP - VAPOR PHASE SERIES

Vapor-phase Granular Activated Charcoal (GAC) is a treatment technology that removes contaminants from air. Contaminated air is passed through one or more vessels containing GAC.

Contaminants absorb onto the surfaces of the activated carbon grains. The thermal processing of carbon, often from coconut shells, creates small porous particles with a large internal surface area. This processing activates the carbon. The activated carbon attracts and adsorbs organic molecules as well as certain metal and inorganic molecules. When the concentration of contaminants in the vapor exiting the vessels exceeds a certain level, the carbon must be replaced. Spent carbon can be regenerated in place; removed and regenerated at an off-site facility; or most commonly, removed and disposed.

Vapor Phase Carbon Adsorption Systems are designed to remove certain gaseous contaminants, including Dioxins/ Furans, Hydrogen Sulphide, Hydrogen Chloride, Ammonia and Mercaptans.

Rapid economic development and urban population growth have triggered a series of challenges to the endeavors of maintaining the clean air.  Urban air is cause of public concern, largely as a result of instances of smog and health problems.  New pollutants are being increasingly recognized.  Air pollution sources have grown and so also the pollutants. Some of these have led to the emission of some hazardous air pollutants like Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).  VOCs are chemicals that have high vapor pressure exceeding 0.5 kPa at 25⁰ C, like benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride.  Major VOC emission sources are automobiles exhaust (45%) followed by industrial sites (41%) and remaining from solid waste disposal and from miscellaneous sources.

The acute and chronic effects of VOCs on health and environment include eye-nose-throat irritation, cancer, liver damage, and kidney damage.  Hence, many VOCs have been identified as toxic and carcinogenic.  Approximately 235 million tons of VOCs are released every year into the atmosphere by man-made sources.  The subject has become important because of the impact on environment and human.

KALBON GAU - GOLD RECOVERY

Kalpaka Chemicals offers unique line of products that caters to Gold Industry.

Our GAU series Kalbon carbon products offers superior performance in terms of providing the highest gold adsorption capacity (K value), rate of adsorption (R value), superior hardness and abrasion resistance.  Our Gold Carbon products provide our customers with exceptional value by maximizing yield while minimizing loss.

Activated carbon is a highly porous organic material comprised of a series of graphitic plates, which are interconnected by carbon-carbon bonds. This creates a highly porous structure and gives an extensive internal surface area, where “adsorption” occurs.  Adsorption is a surface reaction that causes compounds to “stick” to the surface of the carbon.  The phenomenon is the result of intermolecular attractions or forces inherent to the carbon surface.

In gold recovery applications, adsorption forces remove gold from solutions and adhere the metal complex to the carbon surface.  Because the reaction occurs at the surface of the carbon, the adsorption process is relatively easy to reverse, a process called “desorption.”  While it is important to maximize the adsorption of gold from the solution, it is equally as important to subsequently desorb the gold from the carbon.  Any molecules that remain adsorbed after elution or stripping translate into gold that cannot be recovered.  As a result, it is important to select an activated carbon that efficiently adsorbs and desorbs to maximize overall yield and profitability.

In physical adsorption, contaminants are adsorbed and held on the internal Activated Carbon Structure surface of activated carbon due to Van der Waals Forces of attraction between the carbon atom and the molecule.  The force of attraction diminishes as the distance between the pore wall and the adsorbate molecule increases.

Gold alone is not soluble, and will not be readily adsorbed by activated carbon until it is cyanidated, forming a gold-cyanide coordination complex called dicyanoaurate.  It is this gold-cyanide complex that is attracted to the tremendous surface area available on activated carbon, allowing for a variety of recovery techniques.  One handful of activated carbon has a surface area equivalent to that of a football field.  The massive surface area of activated carbon makes the material an ideal adsorbent.

Activated carbon can be produced from a variety of different precursors, including coal, coconut, wood, and lignite, which are the primary materials used to make commercial-scale activated carbon. The starting material dictates the pore size distribution of the final activated carbon product. Typically, coconut is the precursor for gold recovery applications because of its tight pore structure, high activity pores, and hardness.